Biography Joshua Norton, Emperor of the United States

Joshua Abraham Norton (February 4, 1818 - January 8, 1880) declared himself Norton I, Emperor of the United States in 1859. He later added the title Protector of Mexico. Instead of being persecuted for his audacious claims, he was celebrated by the citizens of his home city of San Francisco, California, and memorialized in the literature of prominent authors. Early Life Joshua Nortons parents were English Jews who first left England to move to South Africa in 1820 as part of a government colonization scheme. They were part of a group that came to be known as the 1820 Settlers. Nortons birthdate is in some dispute, but February 4, 1818, is the best determination based on ship records and the celebration of his birthday in San Francisco. Norton emigrated to the United States somewhere around the 1849 Gold Rush in California. He entered the real estate market in San Francisco, and by 1852 he was counted as one of the wealthy, respected citizens of the city. Business Failure In December 1852, China responded to a famine by placing a ban on export of rice to other countries. It caused the price of rice in San Francisco to skyrocket. After hearing of a ship returning to California from Peru carrying 200,000 lbs. of rice, Joshua Norton attempted to corner the rice market. Shortly after he purchased the entire shipment, several other ships from Peru arrived filled with rice and the prices plummeted. Four years of litigation followed until the Supreme Court of California eventually ruled against Norton. He filed for bankruptcy in 1858. Emperor of the United States Joshua Norton disappeared for a year or so after his bankruptcy declaration. When he returned to the public spotlight, many believed he lost not only his wealth but his mind, too. On September 17, 1859, he distributed letters to newspapers around the city of San Francisco declaring himself Emperor Norton I of the United States. The San Francisco Bulletin indulged his claims and printed the statement: At the peremptory request and desire of a large majority of the citizens of these United States, I, Joshua Norton, formerly of  Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope, and now for the last 9 years and 10 months past of S. F., Cal., declare and proclaim myself Emperor of these U.  S.; and in virtue of the authority thereby in me vested, do hereby order and direct the representatives of the different States of the Union to assemble in Musical Hall, of this city, on the 1st day of Feb. next, then and there to make such alterations in the existing laws of the Union as may ameliorate the evils under which the country is laboring, and thereby cause confidence to exist, both at home and abroad, in our stability and integrity. Emperor Nortons multiple decrees about the dissolution of the U.S. Congress, the country itself, and abolishment of the two main political parties were ignored by the federal government and the generals leading the U.S. Army. However, he was embraced by the citizens of San Francisco. He spent most of his days walking the citys streets in a blue uniform with gold epaulets that was given to him by the U.S. Army officers based at the Presidio in San Francisco. He also wore a hat festooned with a peacock feather. He inspected the condition of roads, sidewalks, and other public property. On many occasions, he spoke on a wide range of philosophical topics. Two dogs, named Bummer and Lazarus, that reportedly accompanied his touring of the city became celebrities as well. Emperor Norton added Protector of Mexico to his title after the French invaded Mexico in 1861. In 1867, a policeman arrested Joshua Norton to commit him to treatment for a mental disorder. Local citizens and newspapers expressed extreme outrage. The San Francisco police chief Patrick Crowley ordered Norton released and issued a formal apology from the police force. The emperor granted a pardon to the policeman who arrested him. Although he remained impoverished, Norton frequently ate for free in the citys best restaurants. Seats were reserved for him at the openings of plays and concerts. He issued his own currency to pay his debts, and the notes were accepted in San Francisco as local currency. Photos of the emperor in his regal costume were sold to tourists, and Emperor Norton dolls were manufactured, too. In turn, he demonstrated his love for the city by declaring that using the word Frisco to refer to the city was a high misdemeanor punishable by a $25 fine. Official Acts as Emperor October 12, 1859: Formally abolished the U.S. Congress.December 2, 1859: Declared that Governor Henry Wise of Virginia should  leave the office for the execution of abolitionist John Brown and John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky inaugurated in his place.July 16, 1860: Dissolved the United States of America.August 12, 1869: Dissolved and abolished the Democratic and Republican parties because of party strife.March 23, 1872: Ordered that a suspension bridge be built  as soon as possible from Oakland Point to Goat Island and on to San Francisco.September 21, 1872: Ordered a survey to determine whether a bridge or a tunnel was the best way to connect Oakland and San Francisco. Of course,  Joshua Norton did not yield any actual power to enforce these acts, so none were carried out. Death and Funeral On January 8, 1880, Joshua Norton collapsed on the corner of California and Dupont Streets. The latter is now named Grant Avenue. He was on his way to attend a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences. Police immediately sent for a carriage to take him to the City Receiving Hospital. However, he died before a carriage could arrive. A search of Nortons boarding house room after his death confirmed that he was living in poverty. He had approximately five dollars on his person when he collapsed and a gold sovereign worth approximately $2.50 was found in his room. Among his personal items were a collection of walking sticks, multiple hats and caps, and letters written to Queen Victoria of England. The first funeral arrangements planned to bury Emperor Norton I in a paupers coffin. However, the Pacific Club, a San Francisco businessmans association, elected to pay for a rosewood casket befitting a dignified gentleman. The funeral procession on January 10, 1880, was attended by as many as 30,000 of San Franciscos 230,000 residents. The procession itself was two miles long. Norton was buried in the Masonic Cemetery. In 1934, his casket was transferred, along with all other graves in the city, to Woodlawn Cemetery in Colma, California. Approximately 60,000 people attended the new internment. Flags across the city flew at half mast and the inscription on the new tombstone read, Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. Legacy Although many of Emperor Nortons proclamations were considered to be nonsensical ravings, his words about the construction of a bridge and subway to connect Oakland and San Francisco now appear prescient. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was completed on November 12, 1936. In 1969 the Transbay Tube was completed to host the Bay Area Rapid Transits subway service connecting the cities. It opened in 1974. An ongoing effort titled the Emperors Bridge Campaign has been launched to have Joshua Nortons name attached to the Bay Bridge. The group is also involved in efforts to research and document Nortons life to help preserve his memory. Emperor Norton in Literature Joshua Norton was immortalized in a wide range of popular literature. He inspired the character of the King in Mark Twains novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain lived in San Francisco during part of Emperor Nortons reign. Robert Louis Stevensons novel The Wrecker, published in 1892, includes Emperor Norton as a character. The book was co-written with Stevensons stepson Lloyd Osbourne. It is the story of the solution of a mystery surrounding a wreck at the Pacific Ocean island Midway. Norton is considered to be a primary inspiration behind the 1914 novel The Emperor of Portugallia written by Swedish Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlof. It tells the story of a man who falls into a dream world where his daughter has become an empress of an imaginary nation, and he is the emperor. Contemporary Recognition In recent years, the memory of Emperor Norton has been kept alive throughout popular culture. He has been a subject of operas by Henry Mollicone and John S. Bowman as well as Jerome Rosen and James Schevill. American composer Gino Robair also wrote an opera I, Norton which has been performed in both North America and Europe since 2003. Kim Ohanneson and Marty Axelrod wrote Emperor Norton: A New Musical that ran for three months in 2005 in San Francisco. An episode of the classic TV western Bonanza told much of the story of Emperor Norton in 1966. The episode centers on an attempt to have Joshua Norton committed to a mental institution. Mark Twain makes an appearance to testify on Nortons behalf. The shows Death Valley Days and Broken Arrow also featured Emperor Norton. Joshua Norton is even included in video games. The Neuromancer game, based on the novel by William Gibson, includes Emperor Norton as a character. The popular historical game Civilization VI includes Norton as an alternate leader for the American civilization. The game Crusader Kings II includes Norton I as a former ruler of the Empire of California. Resources and Further Reading Drury, William. Norton I, Emperor of the United States. Dodd, Mead, 1986.

Types Of Personality Tests Out There - 844 Words

There are many types of personality tests out there. Some of them are better than others. These tests are used to help determine the different personality types. Many employers use these tests to help place new employees. They also use them to help determine if an employee will work out or not. It can be important to know your own personality type. Understanding how you learn and what type of jobs might be best for you can be very helpful in your own life. Many employers use tests like the one found on the personality page website. One of their goals is to find employees with the best personality for the job. Using these tests can save a company a lot of time and effort when hiring new employees. For example, â€Å"Overnight Transportation in Atlanta found that using such tests reduced their on- the-job delinquency by 50%–100%† (Livingston, p. 54). This is a huge drop saves them so much time and money by hiring more reliable people. Though there are some downsides to th ese personality tests by employers. To get the most accurate assessment you have to be honest when taking the test. When an employer is looking for the best personality for the job a perspective employee has motives not to be honest. â€Å"A complicating factor is that people filling out the survey do not have a strong incentive to be honest. In fact, they have a greater incentive to guess what the job requires and answer the questions in a way they think the company is looking for† (Livingston, p. 55). This isShow MoreRelatedMyers and Briggs Personality Tests Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesgrouped together in order to determine the personalities of those taking this test. 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Endangered Species Protection Priority or Problem free essay sample

This paper discusses the issues of endangered species protection. This paper looks at the nations existing biodiversity in a species-centered approach to environmental protection. It examines the costs it imposes on society and looks at the stakeholders involved in species protection issues include farming and industrial groups, environmentalists, and politicians and policy-makers. In todays society, it would not be hard to convince the average U.S. citizen that saving Earths endangered species from extinction should be a national priority. Thanks to the press, over the years, most people seem to have gained a general ethical and scientific understanding of the value of biological diversity. This biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a concept that emphasizes the fragile nature of the genetic and social interrelationships of the many varieties of plant and animal life that can be found in any given ecosystem (DiSilvestro, 1993). If one species disappears, the entire ecosystem may be affected by the loss, in a possibly disastrous chain reaction that modern science does not currently have the capability to fully predict the outcome of. We will write a custom essay sample on Endangered Species Protection: Priority or Problem? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Essay Samples For IELTS Academic Writing

Essay Samples For IELTS Academic WritingNowadays, more teachers are creating essays samples for IELTS. This is a system that teaches the IELTS test based on a short essay. For IELTS to pass the exam, the student must be able to read, write, and speak fluently in English. As more people pass IELTS and the test becomes harder, teaching resources and syllabi have changed to make it easier for students to pass the test.IELTS textbooks and syllabi often times have a section dedicated to the essay sample for IELTS. This is usually labeled as 'Essay Test Preparation.' If you have prepared for an essay test before, then it can be a useful tool to familiarize yourself with the essay sample for IELTS.There are a number of professional tutors that can help students prepare for essay tests. These teachers have experience reading, writing, and speaking in a language other than English. Sometimes the student will require professional tutors in the country where the test is taken. Although they may not be aware of the requirements to learn the test material, there are still many ways to learn it by using the essay samples for IELTS.The essay samples for IELTS will be presented in a textbook and will come in different formats. It will consist of a vocabulary list, some grammar examples, and test questions, all together with the final draft.Some students may not even be able to complete the essay because of grammar, vocabulary, or spelling mistakes. Students who are concerned about having perfect writing skills should also include a good dictionary and pep talks during practice tests. Most teachers feel that students who do not want to write an essay may not get the test or may not be successful at IELTS.Professional tutors and academic essay samples for IELTS are not limited to those who are capable of writing well. You will find a lot of information online and in book stores about essay samples for IELTS. You can use these resources to ensure that you do not forget any import ant piece of information when writing the test.The exam for IELTS is known as the writing part of the test and is given once every three years. It has become a test of the capacity to successfully master the skills that students have learned throughout their academic career.

Whispered Mentor Essay Samples Secrets

Whispered Mentor Essay Samples Secrets Our work will be totally unique, offering you a good foundation of academic data and reference material. The term papers ought to be employed with the right reference and aren't supposed to replace actual assignments. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. As you consider what things to write for your private statement essay as a portion of your medical school application, consider the next. Key Pieces of Mentor Essay Samples As a writer, you compose an essay for any particular purpose. Moreover, a great comprehension of an essay permits you to use the material fully. If you believe your writing abilities are exceptional and that you don't need a sample essay for a guide, you might need to think again. Essay writing skills is a tough and time-consuming endeavor. Within this section you will locate samples of essays belonging to different essay types and manners of formatting. 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How to Write a Reflective Essay Outline

How to Write a Reflective Essay OutlineAs a student in a college, you need to have an effective essay outline for your college essay. This is also an important step in the college essay preparation.The outline will help you prepare your essay for your academic task and will also provide you with the option of improving your essay. However, you have to bear in mind that this outline should not contain many details.It should be short and concise. You need to write an outline that should contain only one paragraph and it has to be the point of the whole essay. In addition, there should be no number of paragraphs to write.The length of the outline should be about one page. If you want to include some explanations, it will be good if you use short paragraphs. This will make it easier for you to analyze the matter and then you can write a conclusion.When writing an outline, you have to give a concise explanation about one topic that you are going to address in your essay. This will help yo u have a thorough understanding on the topic so that you do not forget anything important. This is also an important step in the college essay preparation.A reflective outline can also serve as a guideline for you to highlight points in your essay. It is better to start from the beginning and then go back to the beginning to finish the outline. The end of the outline should give a summation of what you have covered in your essay.Writing an outline is an important step in the college essay preparation. However, you should not include too many details in your outline. Make sure that you leave it short and simple.

Immigration Argument Essay Topics Help!

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An individual might want a safe future for their family members, one is probably trying to find a fresh beginning, or even somewhere to spread their knowledge. The first thing you're likely to have to do is to choose a topic that has more than one clear side. On the opposing side of the issue people believe that it's time for an urgent demand for an immigration reform. Many people are inclined to compose weak arguments since they don't know how to compose a compelling argument. Arguing with an immigration perspective, a massive number of arguments are definitely negative. You will then have to approach the subject by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. There are, in addition, some special methods for writing the initial and the very last paragraphs (introduction and conclusion). Civil wars and financial challenges are a few of the common elements that push people to move to other nations looking for peace and financial stability. Not all agree that the illegal aliens should have the ability to receive an opportunity to prove themselves. Higher education can yield optimistic consequences, not just for the people who partake of it, but in addition for our economy as a whole. Therefore, immigration gives a chance to students who pursue new fields of study they cannot discover in their home country. How to Get Started with Immigration Argument Essay Topics? Illegal immigrants play a major role in raising the gross domestic product of the usa. Immigration is a rather controversial topic in the modern society. He is used in attracting skilled workers in the United States. He has become a big global issue, especially in the field of economics, trade, and business.